Variation Analysis of the Width of Typical Altitudinal Belts in the Qinling-Daba Mountains
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摘要: 秦巴山地是我国典型的地理—生态过渡带，呈现出高度的复杂性、多样性、过渡性和敏感性。本文基于秦巴山区野外调查样方数据和收集的典型山地垂直带谱数据，从带幅的角度比较秦巴山地典型垂直带的多维变化和分异。结果表明：1）纬向上自北向南，落叶阔叶林带幅从2 200 m逐渐减小至100 m，在唐家河地区消失；常绿落叶阔叶混交林带、针阔混交林带带幅呈线性增加趋势；针叶林带带幅从300 m增加到550~900 m。2）经向上自西向东，沿山脉走向，典型山地常绿阔叶林带幅从400 m增加至600 m，常绿落叶阔叶混交林带带幅从500 m增加至800 m，东部针阔混交林带比西部宽约100 m；落叶阔叶林带在秦巴山区中部较宽、东西较窄，而针叶林带则与之相反。3）坡向方面，大巴山对带幅的坡向分异作用比秦岭更加明显；就单独山体而言，南坡常绿落叶阔叶混交林带和针叶林带带幅通常比北坡更宽，而落叶阔叶林带在南坡更窄，针阔混交林带在秦岭南坡和大巴山北坡拥有比另一侧更宽的带幅，内外相差200~300 m。4）垂直带带幅是多种因素综合作用的结果，其中区域气候决定了基带的性质和垂直带谱的基本序列，山体基面高度对带幅有向上的挤压作用，山体相对高度决定了带幅发育的潜在空间分布范围。秦巴山地典型垂直带带幅的多维分异很好地体现了中国南北过渡带的过渡性和复杂性，为秦巴山地自然保护区的植被垂直保护提供了科学依据。Abstract: The Qinling-Daba Mountains are the most important geo-ecological transition zone in China, with a high degree of environmental complexity, biodiversity and climate sensitivity. Based on the field survey quadrats data and the collected data of typical mountain altitudinal belts in the Qinling-Daba Mountains, the multi-dimensional variation and differentiation of typical mountain altitudinal belts are compared from the perspective of belt width. The results showed that: (1) From north to south, the width of deciduous broadleaved forest belt gradually decreases from 2 200 m to 100 m, and disappeared in the Tangjiahe area. The evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest belt and the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest belt show a nearly linear increase trend. The coniferous forest belt width increases from 300 m to 550-900 m. (2) From west to east, along the slope of the mountains, the width of evergreen broad-leaved forest belt increases from 400 m to 600 m. The width of the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest belt increases from 500 m to 800 m. The eastern coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest belt is about 100m wider than the western one. The deciduous broad-leaved forest belt is wider in the middle of the Qinling-Daba Mountains and narrower in the east and west, while the coniferous forest belt is the opposite. (3) The aspect differentiation effect of Daba Mountains on the belt width is more obvious than that of Qinling Mountains. In terms of individual mountains, the belt width of evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and coniferous forest on the southern slope is usually wider than that on the northern slope, while deciduous broad-leaved forest belt is narrower on the southern slope. The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest belt has a wider width on the southern slope of Qinling Mountains and the northern slope of Daba Mountains than the other side with a difference of 200-300 m. (4) The width of typical altitudinal belts is the result of the combined action of many factors. Regional climate determines the nature of the baseband and the basic sequence of the altitudinal belt spectrum. The mountain base elevation has an upward extrusion effect on the belt width, and the relative height of mountain determines the potential spatial distribution range of the altitudinal belt spectrum. The multi-dimensional differentiation of the width of typical altitudinal belts in Qinling-Daba Mts. reflects the transition and complexity of China’s north-south transitional zone, which can provide a scientific basis for the vertical protection of vegetation in nature reserves.
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图 1 中国南北过渡带（秦巴山区）范围及典型山地分布
注：地形数据来自美国地质调查局1:25万的数字高程模型（DEM），秦巴山区边界线位置的确定主要参考1989年甘枝茂等人绘制的《中国秦岭大巴山地区地貌图》。
Figure 1. Scope and distribution of typical mountains of China's north-south transitional zone (Qinling-Daba Mountains)
图 2 秦巴山区典型山地垂直带谱
Figure 2. Altitudinal belt spectrum of typical mountains in the Qinling-Daba Mountains
图 3 秦巴山区典型山地常绿阔叶林带带幅的分布范围及经向变化
Figure 3. Band widths and their longitudinal variation of evergreen broad-leaved forest in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains
图 4 秦巴山区典型山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带带幅分布范围
Figure 4. Band widths of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains
图 5 秦巴山区典型山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林带带幅的纬向和经向变化（数据点位置见图4和图1）
Figure 5. Latitudinal and longitudinal variation of band widths of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains (the location of the data points is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 1)
图 6 秦巴山区典型山地落叶阔叶林带带幅分布范围
Figure 6. Band widths of deciduous broad-leaved forest in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains
图 8 秦巴山区典型山地针阔混交林带带幅分布范围
Figure 8. Band widths of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains
图 10 秦巴山区典型山地针叶林带带幅分布范围
Figure 10. Band widths of coniferous forest in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains
图 12 秦巴山区3 000 m以上典型山地针阔混交林带带幅与基面高度的关系
Figure 12. Relationship between the band width of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and mountain base elevation in typical mountains above 3 000 m in Qinling-Daba Mountains
表 1 秦巴山区典型山地区域气象站点2017年气候指标
Table 1. Climatic indicators of weather stations in typical mountains of the Qinling-Daba Mountains in 2017
站点位置 纬度（°N） 经度（°E） 海拔（m） 年均温（℃） 最冷月均温（℃） 最热月均温（℃） 年降水量（mm） 对应山地位置 文县 32.95 104.67 1 014 15.93 6.04 27.67 522.70 雄黄山、白水江 青川 32.57 105.22 782 14.12 3.22 25.47 1 177.30 唐家河 太白 34.03 107.32 1 544 9.25 −1.76 21.88 817.50 太白山 南江 32.35 106.83 579 16.49 6.97 27.44 1 177.80 光雾山 内乡 33.15 111.88 221 15.96 4.02 28.88 944.50 宝天曼 神农架 31.75 110.67 935 13.18 3.02 24.06 1 195.50 神农架 
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表 2 秦巴山地典型垂直带带幅与基面高度和相对高度的拟合结果
Table 2. Fitting results between the width of typical altitudinal belts and mountain base elevation and fitting results between belt width and mountain relative height in Qinling-Daba Mountains
垂直带类型 带幅与基面高度 带幅与相对高度 趋势线模型 R2 趋势线模型 R2 常绿阔叶林 线性递减 0.985 2* 不相关 — 常绿落叶阔叶混交林 线性递减 0.455 8 线性递增 0.249 6 落叶阔叶林 不相关 — 不相关（线性递增） —（0.694 8） 针阔混交林 （分段线性递减） （0.714 3, 0.991 8**） —（线性递减） —（0.372 8） 针叶林 线性递增 0.231 3 线性递减 0.235 9 注：括号内表示山体高度3 000 m以上的垂直带拟合结果，*表示显著相关（α<0.05），**表示极显著相关（α<0.01）。
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