Biodiversity and Food System Transition Outlook
-
摘要: 生物多样性对食物系统至关重要,而当前食物系统的运作模式加剧了生物多样性的丧失。在剖析当前全球生物多样性丧失趋势的基础上,本文以生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)提出的生物多样性丧失的五大驱动因素为框架,系统地梳理了食物系统威胁生物多样性的原因,并提出更深层次的原因是食物系统的各利益相关方并未将自然的价值纳入考虑,各方缺乏共同目标,且缺少凝聚各方行动的动力与合作机制。因此,本文结合联合国可持续发展议程、全球食物系统和生物多样性治理进展,提出食物系统的自然受益型转型目标和12个行动方向,以期支持政府、行业、企业等各方形成共识,并加快制定相关政策或战略。最后,本文从政策、资金和技术3个层面阐述食物系统转型的要点及机遇,倡议各方联合起来积极行动、抓住时机,实现食物系统变革。Abstract: Biodiversity is vital to the well-functioning of the food system while the reality is that the current food system is exacerbating biodiversity loss. Based on understanding the global trends in biodiversity loss, this study is dedicated to systematically elaborating on the negative impact of the food system on biodiversity by linking the food system and the five direct drivers of biodiversity loss identified by IPBES. This study argued that the underlying cause for the threat posed by the current food system to biodiversity was the absence of common goals among stakeholders and the lack of incentives and mechanisms to bring them together. In this regard, after a thorough examination of the global agenda on sustainable development, food system, and biodiversity governance, this study proposed the nature-positive transition goal and 12 action directions for food system transition. They were put forward in the hope of building consensus among governments, industries, businesses, and other sectors, and accelerating the making of relevant policies or strategies onwards. Finally, it was demonstrated that inputs of policy, funds, and technology were indispensable elements for every successful transition of the food system. In this way, this study summarized key points and opportunities for each element and advocates that all stakeholders should take actions timely and jointly to embrace a nature-positive food system.
-
Key words:
- biodiversity /
- food system /
- nature-positive /
- sustainable development
-
图 1 全球哺乳类和鸟类的生物量分布及占比[10]
Figure 1. Biomass distribution and proportion of mammals and birds in the world
图 2 全球食物生产的土地利用情况[57]
Figure 2. Land use for global food production
表 1 2007—2016年食物系统年均温室气体(GHG)排放量[58]
Table 1. Average annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of food system from 2007 to 2016
类别 排放量(GtCO2eq/a) 来自土地转化 4.9±2.5 来自反刍动物和土壤的甲烷 4.0±1.2 来自化肥、禽畜粪便的氧化亚氮 2.2±0.7 来自运输、加工、烹调等 2.4~4.8 全球食物系统GHG排放总量 15.0(10.6~19.4) 全球GHG排放总量 52.0±4.5 占比 28.9(20.4~37.3)% 表 2 食物系统自然受益型转型目标和行动方向
Table 2. Objectives and action directions of natural benefit transformation of the food system
序号 2030年行动方向 出处 1 修复20%退化中的淡水、海洋和陆地生态系统 GBF-2
SDG-6.6/14.2/15.1-52 保护全球30%的陆地和海洋生态系统 GBF-3
SDG-6.6/SDG-14.1/14.3/14.5/15.1-53 恢复和保护野生及驯化物种的物种和遗传多样性 GBF-4
SDG-2.5/2.64 实践合法、可持续、安全的野生生物资源的采集、贸易活动 GBF-5
SDG-2.b/12.2/12.3/14.4/15.7/15.c5 降低50%外来入侵物种的引进率和定居率,控制和根除外来入侵物种 GBF-6
SDG-15.86 减少50%的营养物质、2/3的农药流入自然生态系统并消除塑料污染 GBF-7
SDG-3.9/6.3/11.6/12.47 采用基于自然的解决方案,每年减少100亿t二氧化碳排放当量 GBF-8
SDG-13.28 可持续管理农业、水产养殖业和林业 GBF-10
SDG-6.4/8.4/8.99 在政策、法规、规划、核算和评估等过程中将生物多样性纳入考虑 GBF-14
SDG-11.a/15.9/15.a/15.b10 在所有企业中开展生物多样性依赖度和影响相关评估,并逐步减少对自然的负面影响 GBF-15
SDG-12.611 鼓励相关生产信息的披露和负责任的消费 GBF-16
SDG-4.7/12.6/12.812 每年改革或取消5000亿美元的有害补贴 GBF-18
SDG-12.c/14.6注:①《2030年可持续发展议程》中的17个目标和196个子目标用“SDG-x.x”标注;②《2020年后全球生物多样性框架》初稿中的21个目标用“GBF-x”标注(x表示数字)。 -
[1] Braun V J, Afsana K, Fresco L O, et al. Food Systems-Definition, Concept and Application for the UN Food Systems Summit[EB/OL]. (2021-03-21)[2022-01-18]. https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/publication/food-systems-definition-concept-application-un-food-systems-summit-paper-scientific_en. [2] Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU). Growing Better: Ten Critical Transitions to Transform Food and Land Use[EB/OL]. (2019-09)[2022-01-19]. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf. [3] FAO. World Food and Agriculture-Statistical Yearbook 2021[EB/OL]. (2021-10-01)[2022-01-19]. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4477en. [4] UN. Convention on Biological Diversity[EB/OL]. (1992-06-01)[2022-01-18]. https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf. [5] FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture[EB/OL]. (2019-02-22)[2022-01-15]. http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf. [6] UNEP, WHO, CBD. Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health A State of Knowledge Review[EB/OL]. (2015)[2022-01-20]. https://www.cbd.int/health/SOK-biodiversity-en.pdf. [7] Ipbes. The Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services[R/OL]. (2019-11-25)[2022-1-20]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3553579. [8] IUCN. More than 40, 000 Species are Threatened with Extinction[EB/OL]. (2021-03-02)[2022-01-31]. https://www.iucnredlist.org/. [9] WWF. Living Planet Report 2020-Bending the Curve of Biodiversity loss[R/OL]. (2020-09-11)[2022-01-22]. https://f.hubspotusercontent20.net/hubfs/4783129/LPR/PDFs/ENGLISH-FULL.pdf. [10] Bar-On Y M, Phillips R, Milo R. The Biomass Distribution on Earth[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 2018, 115(25): 6506−6511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1711842115 [11] Herrero M, Thornton P K, Power B, et al. Farming and the Geography of Nutrient Production for Human Use: A transdisciplinary Analysis[J]. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2017, 1(1): 33−42. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30007-4 [12] FAO. Biodiversity and Nutrition a Common Path[EB/OL]. (2010)[2022-01-25]. https://www.fao.org/3/i1620e/i1620e.pdf. [13] World Economic Forum. Global Risk Report 2022[R/OL]. (2022-01-11)[2022-01-25]. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2022/. [14] Ghatham House, UNEP. Food System Impacts on Biodiversity Loss[EB/OL]. (2021-02-13)[2022-01-25]. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/2021-02-03-food-system-biodiversity-loss-benton-et-al_0.pdf. [15] Curtis P G, Slay C M, Harris N L, et al. Classifying Drivers of Global Forest Loss[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6407): 1108−1111. doi: 10.1126/science.aau3445 [16] FAO, UNEP. The State of the World’s Forests 2020[EB/OL]. (2020-12-23)[2022-01-25]. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en. [17] FAO. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020[EB/OL]. (2020-08-05)[2022-01-25]. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca8753en. [18] Goldman E, Weisse M J, Harris N, et al. Estimating the Role of Seven Commodities in Agriculture-Linked Deforestation: Oil Palm, Soy, Cattle, Wood Fiber, Cocoa, Cofee, and Rubber[EB/OL]. (2020-11-12)[2022-01-26]. https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/estimating-role-seven-commodities-agriculture-linked-deforestation.pdf. [19] FAO. 农业粮食体系转型: 从战略到行动[EB/OL]. (2020-05-20)[2022-01-31]. https://www.fao.org/3/nf649zh/nf649zh.pdf [20] TRAFFIC. The People Beyond the Poaching: Interviews with Convicted Offenders[EB/OL]. (2020-09-24) [2022-01-26]. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/13210/web-beyond-the-poaching-offender-survey.pdf. [21] UNODC. World Wildlife Crime Report 2020: Trafficking in Protected Species[R/OL]. (2020-07-09)[2022-01-27]. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/wildlife.html. [22] Challender D W S, Heinrich S, Shepherd C R, et al. Chapter 16-International trade and trafficking in pangolins, 1900-2019[A]// Challender D W S, Nash H C, Waterman C. Pangolins[M]. Pittsburgh: Academic Press, 2019: 259-276. [23] FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020[R/OL]. (2020)[2022-01-26]. https://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture. [24] FAO. 2020年粮食及农业状况: 应对农业中的水资源挑战[R/OL]. (2020-02-15)[2022-01-28]. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1447zh. [25] FAO, IAEA. 农业用水管理[EB/OL]. [2022-01-31]. https://www.iaea.org/zh/zhu-ti/nong-ye-yong-shui-guan-li. [26] FAO, IWMI. Water Pollution from Agriculture: A Global Review[R/OL]. (2017-08-27)[2022-01-28]. https://www.fao.org/3/i7754e/i7754e.pdf. [27] Zhang C Z, Liu S, Wu S X, et al. Rebuilding the Linkage between Livestock and Cropland to Mitigate Agricultural Pollution in China[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2019, 144: 65−73. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.011 [28] Hu Y A, Cheng H F, Tao S. Environmental and Human Health Challenges of Industrial Livestock and Poultry Farming in China and Their Mitigation[J]. Environment International, 2017, 107: 111−130. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.003 [29] 何国俊, 刘通, 周脉耕. 秸秆焚烧、PM2.5和死亡: 来自中国的证据[EB/OL]. (2021-08-24)[2022-01-28]. https://epic.uchicago.cn/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/08/Guojun_Summary.Straw-BurningChina_.pdf. [30] 张斌, 王真, 金书秦. 中国农膜污染治理现状及展望[J]. 世界环境, 2019(6): 22−25. [31] Binlei Gong, Kevin Chen, Xiangming Fang, et al. Nonpoint-Source Pollution Control and Greening of China’s Agrifood Systems[EB/OL]. (2021-10-23)[2022-01-29]. http://agfep.cau.edu.cn/module/download/downfile.jsp?classid=0&filename=2105141928327359.pdf. [32] ADEX. Facts about Ghost Nets[EB/OL]. (2020-05-19)[2022-01-31]. https://www.adex.asia/news/ghost-nets/. [33] 谢宗强, 陈志刚, 樊大勇, 等. 生物入侵的危害与防治对策[J]. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(10): 1795−1798. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-9332.2003.10.046 [34] Paini D R, Sheppard A W, Cook D C, et al. Global Threat to Agriculture from Invasive Species[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113(27): 7575−7579. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1602205113 [35] 王虹扬, 黄沈发, 何春光, 等. 中国湿地生态系统的外来入侵种研究[J]. 湿地科学, 2006, 4(1): 7−12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5948.2006.01.002 [36] Kriticos D J, Brunel S. Assessing and Managing the Current and Future Pest Risk from Water Hyacinth, (Eichhornia Crassipes), an Invasive Aquatic Plant Threatening the Environment and Water Security[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8): e0120054. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120054 [37] 周曙东, 易小燕, 汪文, 等. 外来生物入侵途径与管理分析[J]. 农业经济问题, 2005, 26(10): 19−23. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6389.2005.10.003 [38] Hulme P E. Unwelcome Exchange: International Trade as a Direct and Indirect Driver of Biological Invasions Worldwide[J]. One Earth, 2021, 4(5): 666−679. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.015 [39] FAO. 2020年农产品市场状况: 农产品市场和可持续发展: 全球价值链、小农和数字创新[R/OL]. (2020-03-19)[2022-01-29]. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb0665zh. [40] 海关总署. 2021年全年海关共截获检疫性有害生物6.51万种次[EB/OL]. (2022-01-24)[2022-01-30]. http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/xwfb34/302425/4137644/index.html [41] FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. 2020年世界粮食安全和营养状况: 实现粮食体系转型, 保障经济型健康膳食[R/OL]. (2020-07-13)[2022-01-29]. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692zh. [42] Xu X, Sharma P, Shu S, et al. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Animal-Based Foods are Twice Those of Plant-Based Foods[J]. Nature Food, 2021, 2(9): 724−732. doi: 10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x [43] Wilfart A, Kebriab E. Environmental Performance of Feed Additives in Livestock Supply Chains-Guidelines for Assessment-Version 1[EB/OL]. (2020-03-23)[2022-01-29]. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9744en. [44] Gerber P J, Steinfeld H, Henderson B, et al. Tackling Climate Change through Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities[R/OL]. (2013-03-16)[2022-01-29]. https://www.fao.org/3/i3437e/i3437e.pdf. [45] Ipbes, ipcc. Biodiversity and Climate Change Workshop Report[R/OL]. (2021-06-09)[2022-01-29]. https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2021-06/20210609_workshop_report_embargo_3pm_CEST_10_june_0.pdf. [46] Ceballos G, Ehrlich P R, Raven P H. Vertebrates on the Brink as Indicators of Biological Annihilation and the Sixth Mass Extinction[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of U S A, 2020, 117(24): 13596−13602. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1922686117 [47] FAO, UNDP, UNEP. A Multi-Billion-Dollar Opportunity-Repurposing Agricultural Support to Transform Food Systems[R/OL]. (2021-09-14)[2022-01-30]. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6562en. [48] 世界经济论坛. 新自然经济报告——中国迈向自然受益型经济的机遇[R/OL]. (2022-01-17)[2022-01-29]. https://cn.weforum.org/reports/new-nature-economy-report-seizing-business-opportunities-in-china-s-transition-towards-a-nature-positive-economy. [49] The Leaders’ Pledge for Nature. Leaders’ Pledge for Nature [EB/OL]. (2021-09-20) [2022-01-30]. https://www.leaderspledgefornature.org/. [50] G7 Cornwall UK 2021. G7 2030 Nature Compact[EB/OL]. (2021-07-12)[2022-01-30]. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/50363/g7-2030-nature-compact-pdf-120kb-4-pages-1.pdf. [51] Niggli U, Sonnevelt M, Kummer S. Pathways to Advance Agroecology for a Successful Transformation to Sustainable Food Systems: Food Systems Summit Brief Prepared by Research Partners of the Scientific Group for the Food Systems Summit[EB/OL]. (2021-06-25)[2021-01-28]. https://doi.org/10.48565/scfss2021-wf70. [52] 世界经济论坛. 新自然经济报告——自然与商业之未来[R/OL]. (2020-07-24)[2022-01-30]. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_NNER_II_The_Future_Of_Nature_And_Business_CN_2020.pdf. [53] FAO. 粮食损失和浪费危害严重, 需迫切应对以落实2030年全球目标[EB/OL]. (2021-09-29)[2022-01-30]. https://www.fao.org/news/story/zh/item/1441686/icode/. [54] 粮食安全和营养问题高级别专家组. 可持续农业发展促进粮食安全和营养: 畜牧业起何作用?[R/OL]. (2016-07-01)[2022-01-30]. https://www.fao.org/3/mq860c/mq860c.pdf. [55] Lowder S K, Sánchez M V, Bertini R. Farms, Family Farms, Farmland Distribution and Farm Labour: What do We Know Today?[EB/OL]. (2019-11-22)[2022-01-30]. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7036en/ca7036en.pdf. [56] van Dijk M, Morley T, Rau M L, et al. A Meta-Analysis of Projected Global Food Demand and Population at Risk of Hunger for the Period 2010-2050[J]. Nature Food, 2021, 2: 494−501. doi: 10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9 [57] Ritchie H, Roser M. Land Use[EB/OL]. Our World in Data. (2019-09-08) [2022-01-31]. https://ourworldindata.org/land-use. [58] IPCC. Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems[R/OL]. (2020-01-05)[2022-01-30]. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2020/02/SPM_Updated-Jan20.pdf.